The Philippines? technology, communications and media (TCM) sector grew below its potential during 2006-2011 due to a lack of investment and an existing rural-urban digital divide. Broadband Internet penetration and consumer spending on communications are expected to post stronger gains in the coming years, backed by network expansions and rising incomes. The level of social media usage is high among Filipino Internet users, which will give a boost to online advertising and retailing.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The growth of the Philippines? TCM sector during 2006-2011 has been affected by economic slowdown, corruption scandals and a lack of government policy and investment. The Philippines ranked 85th out of 142 nations in the WEF?s NRI 2012, a considerable downgrade from its 2007 ranking of 68th out of 122 countries;
Capital investment in telecommunications contracted by 10.1% in real terms during 2006-2011, due to both the impact of the 2008-2009 global economic downturn and the Philippines? unfavourable business environment;
The mobile market continues to show strong growth rates, with household possession rate of a mobile phone expanding significantly from 56.6% in 2006 to 81.8% in 2011. As the market nears saturation, service providers will have to rely more on value-added services for profits;
After years of sluggishness, growth of broadband Internet has gained momentum since 2009 thanks to falling service prices and improvements in network coverage and speed. Broadband Internet subscriptions increased by 9.2 times over 2006-2011 while household possession of a broadband Internet enabled computer reached 12.5% of all households at the end of the period, slightly higher than in Thailand (11.3%);
Consumer expenditure on communications stood at Ps2,144 (US$49.5) per household in 2011, merely up by 1.2% in real terms over 2006. Rising disposable incomes, improved consumer confidence and better TCM infrastructure are expected to give a boost to consumer spending on communications in the medium term;
Internet retailing has become popular in the Philippines, supported by the availability of online payment methods and a heavy usage of social media among Filipino Internet users. In 2011, the total value of Internet retailing reached Ps12.5 billion (US$271 million), accounting for 27.0% of non-store retailing in the year.
Chart 1 Total Telecommunications Revenues in 2011: Regional Overview
Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics
MARKET OVERVIEW
Great potential in telecoms
The Philippines TCM market has great potential as its youthful population has increasingly embraced mobile and Internet technologies. With a well-educated, English-speaking workforce, the Philippines has also emerged as an attractive destination for information and communications technology (ICT) outsourcing, with a booming Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) industry. The adult literacy rate in the Philippines reached 96.6% of the population aged 15+ in 2011, one of the highest in Asia Pacific.
The growth of the Philippines? TCM market during 2006-2011, however, was somewhat restrained by a lack of investment, too much bureaucracy, corruption scandals and a slowdown of the economy during the 2008-2009 global economic downturn:
The Philippines ranked 85th out of 142 nations in the WEF?s NRI 2012, a considerable downgrade from its 2007 ranking of 68th out of 122 countries. During the period, the Philippines was overtaken by other countries that made faster progress in adopting ICT. The Philippines? 2012 ranking was lower than most of its peers in the region, such as Thailand (77th) and Indonesia (80th);
Table 1 The Philippines and Other Regional Countries in the Global Networked Readiness Index Ranking: 2007 and 2012
Singapore
3
2
Japan
14
18
Malaysia
26
29
China
59
51
India
44
69
Thailand
37
77
Indonesia
62
80
Vietnam
82
83
Philippines
68
85
Pakistan
84
102
Overall capital investment in telecommunications stood at Ps79.1 billion (US$1.7 billion) in 2011, representing a contraction of 10.1% in real terms over 2006. The global financial crisis during 2008-2009 has impacted investment in the Philippines, as foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into the country witnessed a sharp drop of 71.1% in real terms over 2006-2011;
Total telecommunications revenues reached Ps330 billion (US$7.6 billion) in 2011, remaining stagnant over the period 2006-2011. Despite strong growth in the mobile sector, telecommunications revenues did not expand due to falling mobile service prices and sluggishness in the broadband Internet market.
Chart 2 Capital Investment in Telecommunications and Telecommunications Revenues in the Philippines: 2006-2011
US$ billion
Source: Euromonitor International from national statistics/trade sources/OECD/Eurostat
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
High mobile network coverage
Public and private efforts have been made to develop fixed communications infrastructure, including ASDL, cable and fibre-optic networks in the Philippines but the sector faces tough competition from wireless technology:
While the market has been liberalised since 1993, the Philippines? fixed-line sector continues to be dominated by the Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), the country?s largest telecom company. PLDT operates the most extensive nationwide domestic fibre-optic network and microwave long-distance network;
In 2011, there were 6.8 million telephone lines in use in the Philippines, up by 86.7% over 2006, mainly driven by falling fixed-line costs and a growing interest in broadband Internet. The number of telephone lines in use per 100 inhabitants, however, remained relatively low at 7.1 in 2011, compared to 16.4 in Indonesia for example. In 2011, 99.0% of telephone lines in the Philippines were connected to digital exchanges, remaining unchanged from 2006;
Due to the Philippines? complex geographical island structure, the build-up of a fixed broadband network is complicated and costly. Furthermore, a National Broadband Network programme was closed down in 2008 due to corruption scandals. Broadband Internet penetration has therefore remained concentrated in urban areas such as Metro Manila, Metro Cebu and Metro Davao. The lack of broadband infrastructure and a ?digital divide? between urban and rural areas in the Philippines has affected the expansion of the country?s ICT and BPO sector;
In order to meet the growing demand for broadband Internet, PLDT and other operators have started to expand their fibre-optic networks to rural regions such as Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao. In 2011, PLDT launched a two-year plan to upgrade its landline and broadband services with a total investment of Ps67.0 billion (US$1.5 billion). The company has been migrating its fixed telephony subscriber base to its Next-Generation Network (NGN), which is planned to be completed by 2013. It expects to deploy 100Gb/s technology to support the delivery of high-bandwidth services and applications.
Chart 3 Broadband Internet Subscriptions for the Philippines: 2006-2020
Million
Source: Euromonitor International from International Telecommunications Union/OECD/national statisticsNote: Data for 2012-2020 refer to forecasts
Wireless and mobile infrastructure, on the other hand, has experienced fast growth in the Philippines and has served the country?s population not only in urban but also in remote and rural areas:
According to the WEF, the Philippines? mobile network coverage stood at 99.0% of the population in 2010, higher than the 95.0% in Malaysia;
2G and 3G commercial networks are available in the Philippines. Trial 4G mobile networks were introduced by Globe Telecom and PLDT?s Smart in 2011, and are available in over 1,500 sites in nearly 60 provinces across the Philippines. To make the commercial rollout of the 4G technology possible, PLDT has built 9,000 base stations nationwide and upgraded its fibre capacities.
Storage infrastructure has started to receive more attention in the Philippines as the demand for cost-efficient and effective IT infrastructure is growing among the government and private sector. Already having the largest number of data centres among Philippine telecom companies, Globe Telecom plans to expand its storage capacity by building two new data centres in Quezon City and Cavite.
Cybercrime has been a growing risk for companies and Internet users in the Philippines. The country has become a centre for transnational organised cybercrime such as online gambling, credit card fraud and identity theft. In order to combat cyber abuse, the Philippine government in 2012 proposed a Cybercrime Prevention Act, which will provide a comprehensive legal framework for the detection, investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes.
MOBILE CONNECTIVITY
Market nears saturation
The Philippines has a large mobile market that has experienced strong growth since its full liberalisation in 1993:
PLDT subsidiary Smart remains the largest mobile service provider, followed by Globe Telecom, a company partly owned by Singapore?s SingTel. According to trade sources, Smart accounted for more than 60.0% of the Philippines? mobile market after its acquisition of Digitel in October 2011;
The share of mobile telecommunication revenues in total telecom revenues in the Philippines went up from 55.7% in 2006 to 65.3% in 2011, driven by a 99.0% increase in the number of mobile telephone subscriptions during the period;
Household possession of a mobile phone rose from 56.6% in 2006 to 81.8% in 2011. The mobile phone has become a basic-needs gadget for Filipino households;
With an already high penetration rate, the Philippine mobile communications market is reaching its saturation point, with mobile phone subscriptions to slow down in the coming years. In fact, the growth of mobile phone subscriptions has already eased to 6.8% year-on-year in 2011, compared to an annual rise of 33.8% in 2007. Service providers will therefore have to rely more on value-added services such as high-speed data services for profits.
Chart 4 Proportion of Mobile Revenues in Total Telecom Revenues and Household Possession of Mobile Phone in the Philippines: 2006-2011
% of telecom revenues, % of households
Source: Euromonitor International from International Telecommunications Union, World Bank, trade sources and national statistics
The popularity of mobile phones in the Philippines has created a dynamic market for hardware and services providers:
Commercial 3G mobile services have been available in the Philippines since 2006 but uptake has been muted as the prices of 3G handsets and services remained relatively high for Filipino consumers. According to Qualcomm Asia Pacific, the percentage of 3G users in the Philippines stood at 14.0% of total mobile phone users in 2010;
The Philippines was the earliest adopter of 4G technology in Southeast Asia, with trial 4G networks launched in 2011 by the two largest operators, Smart and Globe Telecom. Commercial 4G/LTE services are scheduled to be rolled out by the end of 2012;
Wireless-enabled handheld devices such as smartphones, netbooks, tablets and PDAs have become more popular in the Philippines due to their convenience as well as declining prices. While the Philippines? smartphone market remains relatively small compared to its neighbours Indonesia and Malaysia, smartphone producers have experienced fast-growing sales in the Philippines since 2011. Feature-rich, touch devices, such as Apple?s iPhone, have gained increasing popularity among Filipino consumers;
Filipino mobile phone users are highly engaged with their devices. The Philippines remains the world`s largest SMS market but consumers also increasingly use their mobile phones for communications, social networking and entertainment needs. Facebook and Twitter are among the most popular apps in the Philippines. The growing use of mobile technologies has created good opportunities for marketers who want to use Internet advertising to reach their customers;
With a high mobile phone penetration rate, m-commerce has started to flourish among young, urban, tech-savvy consumers in the Philippines, providing a niche market for online retailers. Large mobile phone operators including Smart and Globe have mobile payment systems, known as Smart Money and G-Cash, to meet growing demand.
Mobile telephone subscriptions in the Philippines are forecast to expand by 24.4% during 2012-2020, whilst 92.1% of all household will possess a mobile phone by 2020. More Filipino consumers will have access to the Internet via mobile phones, thus offering growing opportunities for data services, mobile Internet advertising and retailing.
HOME CONNECTIVITY
Slow uptake of Internet services due to high prices and low network coverage
As opposed to mobile connectivity, Filipino consumers have been slower in taking up fixed Internet services:
The number of Internet subscribers increased mutedly from 2.0 million in 2006 to 3.8 million in 2011, partly due to a lack of broadband infrastructure and the popularity of public Internet. Broadband Internet subscriptions accounted for 63.6% of all subscriptions in 2011, up from 13.3% in 2006;
The price of Internet services remains relatively high in the Philippines. The country?s fixed broadband Internet tariffs in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms ranked 86th out of 140 countries in the WEF?s 2010 ranking, compared to Indonesia?s 57th ranking;
The broadband household penetration rate in the Philippines reached 12.5% in 2011, up from 2.3% in 2006. With this rate, the Philippines ranked higher than its peers Thailand (11.3%) and Indonesia (2.4%) in the world?s ranking of broadband penetration in 2011.
Chart 5 Household Possession of Broadband Enabled Computer and Fixed-line Telephone in the Philippines: 2006-2020
% of households
Source: Euromonitor International from trade sources and national statisticsNote: Data for 2012-2020 refer to forecasts
The growing availability of broadband services has enabled the development of other fixed services:
Given the large number of Filipinos working abroad, the Philippines offers a bulk market for overseas calling. Growing Internet penetration has enabled a boom of VoIP services that allow customers to make calls through the Internet at cheaper prices. Beside various small VoIP providers, major telecom companies have also deployed the technology. Globe Telecom has a venture with Vonage Holdings, a global VoIP company, to offer the service in the Philippines;
IPTV has been available in the Philippines since 2009 but development of the services has been limited to urban regions due to low broadband network coverage in rural areas.
The Philippines has a vibrant broadcasting sector. There are six free-to-air nationwide television networks. The country plans to move its broadcasting market to fully digital by 2015. In 2011, 38.0% of households in the Philippines owned a cable TV while the household possession rate of satellite TV was significantly lower, at 0.4% in 2011, due to its high subscription fee. Cignal, the Philippines? premier direct-to-home (DTH) satellite provider, has broadcasted HD channels since 2009.
PUBLIC CONNECTIVITY
Fast-growing number of Internet users
Public Internet connections provide an important channel for accessing the Internet in the Philippines:
The number of Internet users per 100 inhabitants in the Philippines rose from 5.7 in 2006 to 11.3 in 2011. The total number of Internet users reached 10.8 million in 2011, significantly higher than the number of Internet subscribers, which stood at 3.8 million in the year. The strong increase in Internet usage in the Philippines has thus been driven by the growing availability of Internet access in public places such as the workplace, universities, libraries, caf?s and kiosks;
Internet caf?s are popular in most cities and towns in the Philippines while Wi-Fi services have been available since 2002. According to jiwire.com, there were about 1,304 Wi-Fi hotspots across the Philippines as of August 2012, with more than half concentrated in Metro Manila, the national capital region;
WiMAX services are provided by three operators in the Philippines: Smart, Globe Telecom and Liberty Telecom. While WiMAX is believed to be an alternative technology that can help to enhance TCM infrastructure and Internet access in the Philippines, its service prices remain relatively high, especially for rural consumers.
The level of Internet usage in the Philippines is set to grow more strongly in the coming years, fuelled by a growing usage of mobile Internet. By 2020, there will be 35.8 million Internet users in the Philippines, or 31.9 per 100 inhabitants.
Chart 6 Internet Users and Internet Users per 100 Inhabitants in the Philippines: 2006-2020
Million / per 100 inhabitants
Source: Euromonitor International from national statisticsNote: Data for 2012-2020 refer to forecasts.
WEB 2.0 APPLICATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA
Intensive usage of social media
Table 2 Ten Most Visited Internet Sites by Reach in the Philippines: July 2012
Facebook.com
Social network
1
Google.com.ph
Filipino version search engine
2
Google.com
Search engine
3
Yahoo.com
Internet portal for news, e-mail, search and chat
4
YouTube.com
Video sharing
5
Blogspot.com
Blogging site
6
Wikipedia.org
Online encylopedia
7
Twitter.com
Social network and microblogging site
8
Sulit.com.ph
Portal for buy and sell
9
Wordpress.com
Blogging site
10
The Philippines has an active social media and Web 2.0 scene, driven by the country?s youthful population. More than half of the sites in Alexa?s list of top ten sites for the Philippines in July 2012 had social content.
Blogging
Blogging is common in the Philippines, with blogspot.com and wordpress.com being the most popular blogging sites as of July 2012, according to Alexa. Topics covered by Filipino bloggers are numerous, ranging from lifestyle to culture, technology and politics. Micro-blogging via Twitter has become increasingly popular due to its convenience. With a growing number of readers, the Philippines? blogosphere can provide a powerful marketing tool for online marketers.
Social networking
Accessing social networks is one of the top five activities listed by Filipino Internet users in 2011, according to a trade survey. With 29.1 million Filipino users as of August 2012, Facebook has become the most visited site in in the Philippines. According to Socialbakers, the age group 18-24 accounted for 39.0% of Facebook users in the Philippines in August 2012, while the age group 25-34 was the second largest bracket. Marketers of products targeting the youth in the Philippines can certainly use social networks to reach their customers.
Table 3 Global Ranking for the Use of Virtual Social Networks in the Philippines and Other Regional Countries: 2010-2011
Singapore
16
6.1
Malaysia
25
5.9
Philippines
41
5.7
Indonesia
48
5.7
Japan
68
5.2
Thailand
88
5.0
China
89
4.9
India
90
4.9
Pakistan
95
4.8
Vietnam
110
4.5
Digital media
Music and movie downloading, and photo and video sharing are popular among Filipino Internet users. Given the large traffic coming from the Philippines, YouTube launched a localised service in the country in 2011. The music-streaming service Deezer plans to rollout its service in the Philippines by the end of 2012.
Online piracy, however, remains a prevalent problem that poses a threat to the development of digital media. In early 2012, Sony Music closed down its Philippine office due to lost sales to music piracy. In an effort to combat digital piracy and protect intellectual property rights, the Philippines has filed a bill, the Anti-Online Piracy Act of 2012, which aims to penalise piracy acts.
?Sellsumers?
The consumers-to-consumers (C2C) sales trend is booming in the Philippines, with e-marketplaces such as Sulit and eBay taking the lead. Young Filipino online sellers also make use of social sites such as Facebook and Multiply to advertise their products. Secured payment methods continue to be a critical factor shaping the growth of the Philippines? C2C market segment.
Software and storage facilities
Cloud computing has potential for growth in the Philippines, as more local small and medium-sized firms are migrating towards the service for greater convenience and cost efficiency. Several telecom companies such as Globe and Bayan offer full cloud services, mainly to business customers.
CONSUMERS OF TCM SERVICES
Stronger TCM consumption expected
Consumer expenditure on communications in the Philippines showed muted growth during the period 2006-2011 as a result of the country?s 2008-2009 economic slowdown:
Average household expenditure on communications stood at Ps2,144 (US$49.5) in 2011, marginally up by 1.2% in real terms over 2006;
As economic growth and employment has improved since 2010, consumption of communications products and services is forecast to grow at a faster space in the following years. Household expenditure on communications is expected to expand at an annual average rate of 2.4% in real terms during 2012-2020 to reach Ps3,704 (US$73.5) by the end of the period. This will create more opportunities for businesses in the TCM sector;
Household possession of a broadband Internet enabled computer is expected to reach 23.4% by 2020. More lower-income households in rural and remote areas will be able to afford a computer. A large regional disparity still exists in the Philippines, as 29.4% of households in the National Capital Region owned a broadband Internet enabled computer in 2011, compared to only 4.8% of households in Northern Mindanao;
92.1% of all households in the Philippines will own a mobile phone by 2020. The growth will be most visible among the low- and middle-income groups, as the richest 30.0% of households all owned a mobile phone in 2011;
Due to a proliferation of mobile phones, the possession rate of fixed-line telephones will decline slightly from 11.6% of all households in 2011 to 11.3% by 2020;
Cable and satellite TV penetration will show moderate growth rates. By 2020, 40.8% of households will possess a cable TV while 1.1% will own a satellite TV. Due to high fees, cable TV is more popular among high-income households. In 2011, 75.6% of decile 10 households (richest tenth of homes) possessed a cable TV, while the figure was only 13.9% for decile 1 households (poorest tenth of homes).
Chart 7 Household Possession of Digital Equipment by Decile in the Philippines: 2011
% of households
Source: Euromonitor International from national statisticsNote: Deciles are calculated by ranking all of the households in a country by disposable income level, from the lowest-earning to the highest earning. The ranking is then split into 10 equal sized groups of households. Decile 1 refers to the lowest earning 10%, through to Decile 10, which refers to the highest earning 10% of households. The figure in brackets refers to the average disposable income of households in each decile.
Young, urban and technology-savvy Filipino professionals are definitely the main consumers that drive the Philippines? TCM market. Young adults aged 18 to 29 in 2011 accounted for 22.1% of the country?s population in the year, offering large growth potential for products such as mobile phones, computers, tablets and digital media services. While price and value for money remain the most important factors, Filipino TCM consumers often look at technical features of the appliances and gadgets and tend to be interested in price promotions and financing options.
BUSINESS AND TECHNOLOGY
Internet retailing boosted by the popularity of social networking
Given the active usage of social networks among Filipino Internet users, businesses in the Philippines have embraced networking sites as an effective way of promoting their products. For example, companies such as Nestle Caf? Philippines and Smart Communications were reported by Socialbakers as the most popular brands on Facebook in terms of the number of fans in August 2012. In addition, group-discount and voucher sites are also actively used by businesses to attract customers.
Crowdsourcing has not been widely used in the Philippines, partly due to a lack of knowledge about the strategy. The first crowdsourcing projects were implemented by the public sector. For instance, the Philippine Health Insurance Company has encouraged the online crowd to help map all health facilities in the Philippines using Google Maps.
Alongside a surge in the number of Internet users, online advertising has been increasingly used by marketers in the Philippines. The Philippines? total adspend reached Ps66.1 billion (US$1.5 billion) in 2011, representing real growth of 43.2% over 2006.
Chart 8 Extent of Business Internet Use in the Philippines and Regional Countries: 2010-2011
1 = not at all; 7 = extensively
Source: World Economic Forum, Executive Opinion Survey 2010-2011Note: Latest data available; ranking out of 142 nations
Online payment methods such as e-banking and electronic wallets are available in the Philippines, thus helping to enable Internet retailing in the country. In addition, mobile payment services such as G-Cash and Smart Money have also been widely used. Online shoppers are often asked to send cash through mobile payment services for their Internet purchases. In 2011, the total value of Internet retail sales in the Philippines reached Ps12.5 billion (US$271 million), up by 18.1% over 2006 in real terms. Beauty and personal care and media products were the fastest-growing online categories during the period. Internet retailing is set to expand further in the Philippines, supported by a growing mobile Internet subscription base and an intensive usage of social networking.
The Philippines lags behind neighbouring countries such as Malaysia and Vietnam in terms of government usage and promotion of ICT. A lack of government support has been among factors restraining the development of the country?s ICT sector during the 2000s. In June 2012, the government launched its first comprehensive e-Government programme under the Integrated Government Philippines Project (iGovPhil). The project aims to utilise and facilitate online government services and promote cloud computing among government agencies in order to improve the quality of state services for businesses and individuals.
SNAPSHOT IN 2020
Table 4 Key TCM Indicators in the Philippines: 2020
Household possession of broadband-enabled computer
23.4% of households
Household possession of cable TV
40.8% of households
Household possession of mobile telephone
92.1% of households
Household possession of fixed-line telephone
11.3% of households
Household possession of satellite TV system
1.1% of households
Number of mobile phone subscribers
85.3 million
Mobile subscribers per 100 inhabitants
89.1
Number of Internet users
35.8 million
Internet users per 100 inhabitants
31.9
DEFINITIONS
Apps
Apps, or applications, are small, specialised software programmes that are typically downloaded onto mobile devices.
3G
Third generation mobile systems which provide high-speed data transmission and support multimedia applications such as full-motion video, video-conferencing and Internet access, alongside conventional voice services.
3.5G
3.5G refers to evolutionary upgrades to 3G services that provide significantly enhanced performance.
4G
Fourth generation mobile systems, also known as ?beyond 3G?. 4G technologies provide data transmission at much higher rates than previous generations as well as high-quality multimedia applications on an ?anytime, anywhere? basis.
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
A technology used for sending data quickly over a conventional copper telephone line.
Bandwidth
The measure of the maximum capacity of a data link in the network.
Broadband
High-speed access to a public Internet (a TCP/IP connection). High-speed access is defined as being equal to, or greater than 256 kbit/s, as the sum of the capacity in both directions. This can include for example cable modem, DSL, fibre-to-the-home/building and other fixed (wired) broadband subscribers.
Cloud computing
Data storage that relies on sharing computing resources rather than having local servers or personal?devices?to handle?applications.
HDTV
High-definition?television is a digital television broadcasting system with a significantly higher resolution than traditional formats.
Internet-enabled mobile phone
A mobile phone which allows its user to access the Internet via in-built access technology.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
A network which allows the digital transmission of voice and data over traditional copper lines.
IPTV
A technology that delivers digital television via fixed broadband access.
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
LTE is a 4G technology that will enable mobile phones to provide significantly faster data rates with a potential for 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream.
M-commerce
M-commerce (also referred to as mobile retailing) is the use of wireless handheld devices such as mobile telephones, smart phones or other devices to connect to the Internet and purchase goods online.
Mobile broadband
Various types of wireless high-speed Internet access through a portable modem, telephone or other device.
Narrowband
A service which provides Internet data speeds up to 128 kilobits per second otherwise known as dial-up. This is most commonly used for making phone calls over a copper wire.
Networked Readiness Index (NRI) should we state the source?
The Networked Readiness Index (NRI), by the World Economic Forum, measures the propensity for countries to exploit the opportunities offered by information and communications technology. It is published annually. The NRI seeks to better comprehend the impact of ICT on the competitiveness of nations. The NRI is a composite of three components: the environment for ICT offered by a given country or community, the readiness of the community?s key stakeholders (individuals, businesses, and governments) to use ICT, and finally the usage of ICT amongst these stakeholders.
VoIP (Voice over the Internet Protocol)
A set of hardware and software that allows the transmission of voice conversations over a data network.
Web 2.0
A second generation of web-based communities and hosted services ? such as social-networking sites and wikis ? which facilitate collaboration and sharing between users.
Wi-Fi
Short range wireless technologies that allow an over-the-air connection between a wireless device and a base station (also known as a hot spot), or between two wireless devices. WiFi has a range of around 30 metres indoors, and around a kilometre outside.
WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a wireless technology, which is similar to WiFi, but with a longer range of many kilometres. WiMAX is a wireless alternative for an access technology to
provide high speed access links instead of copper-based technologies.
Sellsumers
Private consumer-to-consumer salespeople providing goods and/or services online via private transactions or retail/auctioning websites.
Crowdsourcing
A process that involves outsourcing tasks to a distributed group of people. These tasks could be online or offline, paid or for free, and they are outsourced to an undefined public.
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Source: http://e-info.vivsoftware.in/2012/10/technology-communications-and-media-philippines/
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