Parents can help their children avoid alcohol pitfalls during transition from high school to college

Apr. 16, 2013 ? Prior research has shown that the transition from high school to college is a particularly vulnerable time, associated with increased alcohol use and risk of negative alcohol-related consequences. While studies have examined the effectiveness of prevention programs to address this problem, few have examined which students may benefit the most. A study of student characteristics has found that parent-based interventions (PBIs) can be effective even among those students feeling high peer pressure to drink alcohol.

Results will be published in the September 2013 issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research and are currently available at Early View.

"College matriculation is a vulnerable transition for many youth for many reasons," said Michael J. Cleveland, research assistant professor at the Prevention Research Center at The Pennsylvania State University and corresponding author for the study. "Increased freedoms and autonomy -- from parental control and from the structure of high school -- as well as instability -- as new friendships and romantic relationships form -- may lead to increased opportunities, and social pressures, for young people to experiment with alcohol and other substances."

Rose Marie Ward, associate professor of health promotion at Miami University, Ohio, agreed. "The transition from high school to college is constantly marked as a crucial time for alcohol interventions," she said. "PBIs stress that during this crucial transition period, communication between the parent and teen ? is highly important."

"The PBI we examined is designed to encourage parents to maintain communication with their son or daughter, consisting of an informational handbook that is distributed to parents of incoming students during the summer before matriculation," said Cleveland. "The handbook is fairly short -- about 22 pages -- and includes an overview of college student drinking, strategies and techniques for communicating effectively with teens, and tips on discussing ways to help teens develop assertiveness and resist peer pressure. The last section of the handbook is an in-depth discussion of the major reasons teens drink alcohol, including information about how alcohol affects the body. This section also addresses the issues of parent norms and permissibility with respect to alcohol use in their teens."

The researchers used data from a randomized control trial delivered to 1,900 incoming college students (988 females, 912 males) divided into four groups: non-drinkers, weekend light drinkers, weekend heavy episodic drinkers, and heavy drinkers. Student characteristics were: injunctive peer norms, which measured participants' perceptions of their friends' approval or disapproval of four specific drinking activities; descriptive peer norms, which asked participants to write how many drinks they thought were typically consumed on each day of the week by their close friends; and personal attitudes toward alcohol use.

"We examined these particular student characteristics because there is strong evidence that links these characteristics to increased risk of alcohol use," said Cleveland. "We wanted to see if these characteristics could help explain why the intervention works better for some students compared to others."

Results showed that injunctive peer norms were key, as was the timing of the PBI.

"Our study found the effectiveness of the PBI at preventing escalation to risky drinking was different for certain groups of students, and that these effects depended on when the PBI was delivered and whether or not parents were given a 'booster,'" said Cleveland. "We found that the strongest effects of the PBI were among students who -- although they themselves reported light to moderate use of alcohol -- reported very high levels of their friends' approval for drinking alcohol."

"These results demonstrate that during the transition into college, parents can still influence their teens' alcohol consumption patterns," added Ward. "Specifically, peer approval interacted with, or combined with, the PBI to predict drinking transitions. However, this study indicates that a PBI prior to the enrollment of college, and some times with booster information provided during the first year of college, is more effective than one provided after the teen starts college. PBIs are effective. This study emphasizes that their effectiveness may be determined by the beliefs of the teen."

"Our findings should be placed in the context of other evaluations of the PBI, all of which show that this intervention is a low-cost but effective tool that prevents escalation of drinking during this transition," said Cleveland. "The materials covered in the handbook are all strategies that parents can do. Both parents and peer groups are among the strongest influences on young adults transitioning to college; both continue to have influence even as young people transition from adolescence to young adulthood."

"Parents should remember that their opinion still influences their teen," said Ward. "Even if the teen has an established drinking pattern, the parent's communication concerning drinking can impact or alter the teen's alcohol consumption. At the same time, clinicians should remember that teens are still listening to their parents. When guiding a teen about their alcohol use, the clinician might encourage the teen to share materials with their parent and to have discussions concerning alcohol use, driving under the influence, drinking enough to pass out, or frequent heavy drinking. In short, the clinician might elicit the help of the parent."

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The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Michael J. Cleveland, Brittney Hultgren, Lindsey Varvil-Weld, Kimberly A. Mallett, Rob Turrisi, Caitlin C. Abar. Moderation of a Parent-Based Intervention on Transitions in Drinking: Examining the Role of Normative Perceptions and Attitudes Among High- and Low-Risk First-Year College Students. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 2013; DOI: 10.1111/acer.12126

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/bbmtRVY9jH8/130416161825.htm

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Israel honors war dead with somber Memorial Day

JERUSALEM (AP) ? Israelis paused Monday to honor fallen soldiers and victims of terrorism with sirens and ceremonies on the country's annual Memorial Day.

It is one of the most melancholy dates on the Israeli calendar. After decades of conflict, most Israelis have lost loved ones or know someone who has.

Cafes and places of entertainment shut for the day. Radio and TV stopped their regular shows and instead broadcast war documentaries and stories about soldiers killed in action.

Nationwide, Israelis stopped and stood in silence as air raid sirens sounded at 11:00 a.m. Traffic stopped and people got out of their vehicles on highways and roads to stand with heads bowed for two minutes.

Israel said 23,085 soldiers and defense personnel have been killed in fighting since 1860, when Jews began moving back to the area.

Israel has fought half a dozen wars with Arab countries since its establishment in 1948 and has and battled two Palestinian uprisings.

Bereaved families gathered at cemeteries across the country.

Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said at a ceremony for the war dead that it is impossible to completely ease the pain of losing a loved one. Netanyahu's brother, an army commando, was killed during the rescue mission to free passengers of a hijacked plane in Uganda in 1976.

Netanyahu said many tried to eradicate Israel from the day of its inception but "will never succeed." At a separate ceremony for victims of terrorist attacks, Netanyahu said that the country will never give into terror and will pursue its perpetrators.

At another ceremony, Defense Minister Moshe Yaalon said Israel wants peace but is ready to deal with threats.

"The world cannot sweep the problem of a nuclear Iran under the carpet, as history, both recent and ancient, has proven that concessions and a lack of determination now are recipes for a lack of control and disaster in the years to come," he said.

Israel considers a nuclear-armed Iran to be an existential threat, citing Iranian calls for Israel's destruction, its development of missiles capable of striking the Jewish state and its support for violent anti-Israel groups. Tehran says its nuclear program is peaceful, a claim that Israel and many Western countries doubt.

The sad atmosphere ends sharply at sundown when in jarring contrast, Israelis take to the streets for Independence Day celebrations with dancing, fireworks and parties.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/israel-honors-war-dead-somber-memorial-day-080201410.html

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When I use the word, 'Fixture,' ?It Means Just What I Choose It To ...

What do we mean when we say something is a ?fixture?? The most accurate answer is: ?Who knows?? One reason for such uncertainty is that the answer depends on: (a) why you are asking; (b) who you are asking; (c) when you asked the question; and (d) where you were standing when you asked the question. The real reason is that the answer depends on the intent of the parties for whom the answer would be important.

What is not in doubt is that the question?s answer is important, for both leases and mortgages (and for taxation and some other kinds of issues).

Why wait to get to the end of this piece? We?ll give you our conclusion right now. (1) A fixture is what the document says it is; (2) it matters less as to ?what? a fixture might be, then as to who gets to keep it, who maintains it, and who has to remove it. So ? craft your lease, mortgage, or other agreement such that it answers those questions. In a lease, for example, define the term ?Tenant Fixture? and spell out the tenant?s rights and responsibilities as to a ?Tenant Fixture.? Not all ?Tenant Fixtures? are personal property. Some are personal property for one purpose and not for another. You can define the supplemental air conditioner placed on the roof by the tenant as the tenant?s personal property but, as between the property owner (as mortgagor) and its lender (as mortgagee), that air conditioner is almost certainly going to be part of the real property. The tax assessor will probably see the rooftop unit as taxable real property (assuming the assessment is not solely based on income potential).

We don?t intend to set forth a firm rule usable to definitively determine what is or is not a real property fixture. The furthest we will go is to share some text from Sutton v. Frost, a 1981 decision from the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine. As you read the following excerpts, keep the context in mind ? whether a fixture remains a tenant?s property turns on the ?intent? behind bringing the fixture to the leased property in the first place. Here we go:

?Where the parties are related as landlord and tenant, the law tends to infer that annexations made by the tenant are intended to be temporary, since it is unlikely that the tenant meant to deprive himself of his property. ? This inference is especially strong where the annexation is a trade fixture, i.e., property which the tenant has placed on the rented real estate to advance the business for which the realty is leased. ? The value of this rule is its bearing upon the question of intention ? it is unlikely that the parties would have intended for the removal of additions where removal would materially damage the remaining estate.?

So, what do we learn from the Maine court? Simply speaking, unless the lease or other ?proof? defines each party?s rights in a ?possible? fixture, a court will try to read the minds of the landlord and its tenant. In doing so, it will apply ?presumptions? that just may not have been in those ?minds.?

Let?s look at some stark examples to illustrate the conundrum of ?intent.?. You can have two identical steam boilers in a building, each connected to the same source of fuel; each located in the same room; and each serving a network of pipes attached to columns, joists, and so forth. If they are both used to heat the ?joint,? they are probably (by default) part of the real property. But, if one was used to furnish low pressure steam to a piece of production equipment, such as a sterilizer, it would probably not be part of the real property; instead, it would probably be seen as personal property. Yes, identical pieces of equipment ? opposite results. So, if the tenant installed both, and the lease was silent, that would probably be the result because the ?production? boiler was not intended to ?add? to the building; it was intended to be part of the tenant?s manufacturing equipment, no matter how well it may be glued to the floor.

Our second example comes from the Tennessee Court of Appeals case of Hubbard v. Hardeman County Bank, 868 S.W.2d 656 (1993). The question involved three buildings and whether they were personal property that a ground tenant could pick up and ?take home? or whether they became part of the real property once completed. The buildings were 14 feet wide and 30 or 40 feet long. The trick was that they were ?modular? in that they had been completely manufactured as self-contained bank branch buildings, complete with wiring, plumbing, lighting, rest rooms, etc. They sat on footings under their own weight. Utility services, such as for sanitary sewers, were furnished though hook-ups to the land. Were these buildings ?personal property?? To Hubbard?s relief, they were. It wasn?t just that you could use a crane to pick up the 60-80,000 pound buildings; it was the tenant?s intent in placing them on the land. It specifically had them designed for removability. Oh yes, there were losers ? the party that bought the property from the original landlord, thinking it was getting some buildings, and Hardeman County Bank, the mortgagee. What did the tax assessor think? [We don?t know.]

These examples reveal a big problem with the way most lease and mortgage negotiators think, that being: ?once you identify (or define) something as a ?trade fixture? or a ?personal property fixture,? the resulting rights and obligations flow out of such a designation.? This isn?t true. The law?s general understanding of a trade fixture is that the item is ?property which a tenant has placed on rented real estate to advance the business for which the property is leased.? But that doesn?t automatically mean that a tenant can remove its ?trade fixtures? if doing so would materially harm the real estate. Basically, the parties need to express their ?intent.? Yes, ?intent? is what controls. And, the best way to let people know what might have been your ?intent,? is to say so right there in the agreement.

Here is a piece of less than useful information, of interest mostly to true Ruminators. The biggest reason there is no accepted agreement, in the abstract, as to what does or does not constitute a ?fixture,? is because the answer has changed many times over the course of time. Case law is burdened with historical concepts as to ?what people must have intended? to remain a mortgagor?s or a tenant?s property when either of them relinquishes its interest in the real property. More simply put, ?it takes forever to learn the rules and once you?ve learned them they change again.? [That?s a corollary to Murphy?s Law.]

How do you deal with this uncertainty? That?s easy ? make your own rules. Here?s a checklist in progress:

• Define exactly what items, though attached to the real property, will be treated as the tenant?s own property. Basically, this means ? what can the tenant take with it when it leaves. You can call it ?Tenant Owned Fixtures.? Remember that if an item isn?t attached at all, like a floor lamp or inventory, no one will be calling it a real property fixture. We?re not concerned with that kind of personal property.
• Of the Tenant Owned Fixtures, write down what the tenant must take with it when it leaves.
• Set the time limit for when the tenant must get its ?stuff? out.
• Say that the tenant has the obligation to repair all damage caused by the initial installation, presence or removal of Tenant Owned Fixtures.
• Say that the tenant bears the risk of loss for Tenant Owned Fixtures and that the landlord will not be insuring them.
• If you are the landlord, require your tenant to insure the Tenant Owned Fixtures (if you are concerned that the tenant may not be able to cover the loss and thus be unable to get up and running again after the fire or other peril causes damage).
• Decide, together, what other items the tenant attaches to the real property (?Remaining Fixtures?) must go or stay when the tenant leaves.
• As to any of the Remaining Fixtures that the tenant will be required to remove, say that the tenant has the obligation to repair all damage caused by their initial installation, presence or removal.
• As to Remaining Fixtures, make sure they are included in the landlord?s insurance policies and that the lease requires the landlord to restore them after a fire, etc.

Source: http://www.retailrealestatelaw.com/archives/1763?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=when-i-use-the-word-fixture-it-means-just-what-i-choose-it-to-mean-neither-more-nor-less-humpty-dumpty-on-retail-leasing

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Pat McQuaid to seek third term as UCI president

DUBLIN (AP) ? Pat McQuaid will stand for a third term as president of cycling's world governing body after winning the nomination of Cycling Ireland.

Cycling Ireland's board agreed late Friday to McQuaid's nomination request but asked him to back a series of reforms at the UCI, including restricting presidents to serving two four-year terms.

McQuaid has been UCI president since 20006. No rivals have yet emerged ahead of the September election.

McQuaid's position has been under scrutiny since a U.S. Anti-Doping Agency report detailed systematic doping by Lance Armstrong, who was stripped of his seven Tour de France titles and banned for life.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/pat-mcquaid-seek-third-term-uci-president-105807504--spt.html

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Survival Group: Neighbors

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Diamond as a building material for optical circuits

Friday, April 12, 2013

The application of light for information processing opens up a multitude of possibilities. However, to be able to adequately use photons in circuits and sensors, materials need to have particular optical and mechanical properties. Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) have now for the first time used polycrystalline diamond to manufacture optical circuits and have published their results online in Nature Communications (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2710).

"Diamond has several properties that allow us to manufacture all components of a ready-to-use optomechanical circuit monolithically, so to speak," says KIT research group leader Wolfram Pernice. "The elements thus manufactured that is, the resonators, circuits, and the wafer, are attractive because of their high quality."

Diamond is optically transparent to light waves of a wide range of wavelengths including the visible spectrum between 400 and 750 nm. It is due to this fact that it can be used specifically in optomechanical circuits for applications in sensor technology and fluorescence imaging, or for novel optical biological measuring methods. Whereas the high refractive index of diamond and the absence of absorption allow an efficient photon transport, its high modulus of elasticity makes it a robust material which adapts excellently to rough surfaces and releases heat rapidly.

So far, optical circuits have been manufactured using monocrystalline diamond substrates i.e., highly pure crystals with typically no more than one impurity atom to every one billion diamond atoms. Such circuits are bound to be small and their application to optical systems has required sophisticated fabrication methods.

Now, for the first time, the research group headed by Pernice used polycrystalline diamond for the fabrication of wafer-based optomechanical circuits. Even though its crystal structures are more irregular, polycrystalline diamond is robust and thus can be more easily processed. It is due to these specific properties that polycrystalline diamond can be used on much larger areas than monocrystalline material. Polycrystalline diamond conducts photons almost as efficiently as the monocrystalline substrate and is suitable for industrial use. As a matter of fact, monolithic optomechanical components could not have been manufactured without this new material.

Optomechanics combines integrated optics with mechanical elements e.g., with nanomechanical resonators in the case of the optomechanical circuit developed by Pernice and his group. These oscillatory systems react to a certain frequency. When that frequency occurs, the resonator is excited into vibration. "Nanomechanical resonators are among today's most sensitive sensors and are used in various precision measurements. It is extremely difficult, however, to address such smallest components through conventional measuring methods," explains Patrik Rath, first author of the study. "In our study, we have made use of the fact that today, nanophotonic components can be manufactured in the same sizes as nanoscale mechanical resonators. When the resonator responds, corresponding optical signals are transferred directly to the circuit." This novel development has allowed the combining of once separate fields of research and has enabled the realization of highly efficient optomechanical circuits.

Integrated optics works in a similar manner to integrated electrical circuits. Whereas optical circuits transmit information via photons, conventional electronic circuits transfer data via electrons. Integrated optics aims to combine all components required for optical communication in an integrated optical circuit to avoid a detour via electrical signals. In both cases, the respective circuits are applied to slices less than one mm in thickness i.e., to the so-called wafers.

The polycrystalline diamond was manufactured in cooperation with the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics and the company Diamond Materials in Freiburg, Germany. The prototypes manufactured within the Integrated Quantum Photonics-project at the DFG Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN) in Karlsruhe open up new ways for entirely optically controlled platforms that are increasingly needed in fundamental research and advanced sensor technologies. These technologies include accelerometers that are integrated in various electronic devices such as airbag sensors or smartphone waterlevels.

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Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres: http://www.helmholtz.de/en/index.html

Thanks to Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres for this article.

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